Evolution of the Anthropogenic Gallium Cycle in China From 2005 to 2020

Gallium is deemed to be a critical mineral given its irreplaceable use in consumer electronics and clean energy technologies. China has become significant of gallium while also playing leading role global production, accounting for more than 90% the world’s primary output recent years. However, quantification evolution China’s cycle limited until now. This study aims uncover dynamic flows stocks during period 2005–2020. The results reveal that: 1) From 2005 2020, demand increased 20-fold, as result booming semiconductor industry surging some low-carbon technologies; 2) despite inefficient recovery issues existed production stage, supply extracted byproduct grew tandem with capacity alumina resulting surplus 948 t by 2020; 3) exported nearly half mainly raw materials final products, but still experienced high reliance on imported gallium-containing intermediate products from abroad, such integrated circuits; 4) generations in-use end-of-life have accelerated since reached about 278 169 respectively. These indicate large amount available secondary resource, nonexistent recycling. provide basis identifying extraction, use, loss recycling within anthropogenic China, well guidance stakeholders make future decisions concerning ways improve resource efficiency promote sustainable practices material perspective.